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 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 // Copyright (c) 2018-2025, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
  
 #pragma once
  
 #include "ck_tile/core.hpp"
 #include "ck_tile/ops/common.hpp"
 #include "ck_tile/ops/fmha/block/block_attention_bias_enum.hpp"
 #include "ck_tile/ops/fmha/pipeline/block_fmha_bwd_dq_dk_dv_pipeline_selector.hpp"
  
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 #include <variant>
  
 // S[seqlen_q, seqlen_k] = Q[seqlen_q, hdim_q] @ K[seqlen_k, hdim_q]
 // S'[seqlen_q, seqlen_k] = S[seqlen_q, seqlen_k] * Scale[1]
 // S''[seqlen_q, seqlen_k] = S'[seqlen_q, seqlen_k] + Bias[seqlen_q, seqlen_k]
 // P[seqlen_q, seqlen_k] = Softmax(S''[seqlen_q, seqlen_k])
 // dV[seqlen_k, hdim_v] = P^T[seqlen_k, seqlen_q] @ dO^T[hdim_v, seqlen_q]
 // dP[seqlen_q, seqlen_k] = dO[seqlen_q, hdim_v] @ V[seqlen_k, hdim_v]
 // D[seqlen_q] = rowsum(dO[seqlen_q, hdim_v] * O[seqlen_q, hdim_v])
 // dS''[seqlen_q, seqlen_k] = P[seqlen_q, seqlen_k] * (dP[seqlen_q, seqlen_k] - D[seqlen_q])
 // dBias[seqlen_q, seqlen_k] = dS'[seqlen_q, seqlen_k] = dS''[seqlen_q, seqlen_k]
 // dK[seqlen_k, hdim_q] = dS'^T[seqlen_k, seqlen_q] @ Q^T[hdim_q, seqlen_q] * Scale[1]
 // dQ[seqlen_q, hdim_q] = dS'[seqlen_q, seqlen_k] @ K^T[hdim_q, seqlen_k] * Scale[1]
  
 namespace ck_tile {
  
 template <typename FmhaPipeline_,
           typename KGradEpiloguePipeline_,
           typename VGradEpiloguePipeline_,
           typename QGradEpiloguePipeline_ = void>
 struct FmhaBwdDQDKDVKernel
 {
     using FmhaPipeline                            = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<FmhaPipeline_>;
     using KGradEpiloguePipeline                   = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<KGradEpiloguePipeline_>;
     using VGradEpiloguePipeline                   = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<VGradEpiloguePipeline_>;
     using QGradEpiloguePipeline                   = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<QGradEpiloguePipeline_>;
     static constexpr ck_tile::index_t kBlockSize  = FmhaPipeline::kBlockSize;
     static constexpr ck_tile::index_t kBlockPerCu = FmhaPipeline::kBlockPerCu;
     static constexpr bool kUseQrQtrDorPipeline =
         ck_tile::fmha_bwd_qr_qtr_dor_pipeline<FmhaPipeline>::value;
     static_assert(!kUseQrQtrDorPipeline || !std::is_same_v<QGradEpiloguePipeline_, void>,
                   "QrQtrDorPipeline needs QGradEpiloguePipeline");
  
     using QDataType    = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::QDataType>;
     using KDataType    = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::KDataType>;
     using VDataType    = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::VDataType>;
     using BiasDataType = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::BiasDataType>;
     using GemmDataType = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::GemmDataType>;
     using LSEDataType  = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::LSEDataType>;
     using AccDataType  = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::AccDataType>;
     using DDataType    = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::DDataType>;
     using RandValOutputDataType =
         ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::RandValOutputDataType>;
     using OGradDataType    = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::OGradDataType>;
     using QGradDataType    = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::QGradDataType>;
     using KGradDataType    = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::KGradDataType>;
     using VGradDataType    = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::VGradDataType>;
     using BiasGradDataType = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::BiasGradDataType>;
  
     static constexpr bool kIsGroupMode    = FmhaPipeline::kIsGroupMode;
     static constexpr index_t kPadHeadDimQ = FmhaPipeline::kPadHeadDimQ;
     static constexpr index_t kPadHeadDimV = FmhaPipeline::kPadHeadDimV;
     static constexpr auto BiasEnum        = FmhaPipeline::BiasEnum;
     static constexpr bool kHasBiasGrad    = FmhaPipeline::kHasBiasGrad;
     using FmhaMask                    = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::FmhaMask>;
     using FmhaDropout                 = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaPipeline::FmhaDropout>;
     static constexpr bool kHasMask    = FmhaMask::IsMasking;
     static constexpr bool kHasDropout = FmhaDropout::IsDropout;
     static constexpr bool kIsStoreRandval  = FmhaDropout::IsStoreRandval;
     static constexpr bool kIsDeterministic = FmhaPipeline::kIsDeterministic;
     static constexpr bool kUseTrLoad       = FmhaPipeline::kUseTrLoad;
     static constexpr index_t kMaxSeqLenQ   = FmhaPipeline::BlockFmhaShape::kMaxSeqLenQ;
     static_assert(kUseQrQtrDorPipeline == (kMaxSeqLenQ != 0));
 #if defined(__gfx950__)
     static constexpr bool kIsAvailable = true;
 #else
     static constexpr bool kIsAvailable = !kUseTrLoad;
 #endif
  
     // clang-format off
     template <typename T> struct t2s;
     template <> struct t2s<float> { static constexpr const char * name = "fp32"; };
     template <> struct t2s<ck_tile::fp16_t> { static constexpr const char * name = "fp16"; };
     template <> struct t2s<ck_tile::bf16_t> { static constexpr const char * name = "bf16"; };
     // clang-format on
  
     CK_TILE_HOST static std::string GetName()
     {
         // sync with generate.py
         // clang-format off
         using bfs  = typename FmhaPipeline::BlockFmhaShape;
         using gbr0 = typename bfs::Gemm0BlockWarps;
         using gbr1 = typename bfs::Gemm1BlockWarps;
         using gbr4 = typename bfs::Gemm4BlockWarps;
         using gwt0 = typename bfs::Gemm0WarpTile;
         using gwt1 = typename bfs::Gemm1WarpTile;
         #define _SS_  std::string
         #define _TS_  std::to_string
         auto pn = [&] () {
             std::string n;
             if (kPadHeadDimQ) n += "d" + _TS_(kPadHeadDimQ);
             if (kPadHeadDimV) n += "dv"+ _TS_(kPadHeadDimV);
             return n.empty() ? n : std::string("p") + n; }();
         return
             _SS_("fmha_bwd_d") + _TS_(bfs::kQKHeaddim) + "_" + _SS_(t2s<QDataType>::name) +
             "_" + (kIsGroupMode ? "group" : "batch") + "_" +
             "b" + _TS_(bfs::kM0) + "x" + _TS_(bfs::kN0) + "x" + _TS_(bfs::kK0) + "x" + _TS_(bfs::kK1) + "x" + _TS_(bfs::kK2) + "x" + _TS_(bfs::kK3) + "x" +
                     _TS_(bfs::kK4) + "x" + _TS_(bfs::kQKHeaddim) + "x" + _TS_(bfs::kVHeaddim) + "_" +
             "r" + _TS_(gbr0::at(ck_tile::number<0>{})) + "x" + _TS_(gbr0::at(ck_tile::number<1>{})) + "x" + _TS_(gbr0::at(ck_tile::number<2>{})) + "_" +
             "r" + _TS_(gbr1::at(ck_tile::number<0>{})) + "x" + _TS_(gbr1::at(ck_tile::number<1>{})) + "x" + _TS_(gbr1::at(ck_tile::number<2>{})) + "_" +
             "r" + _TS_(gbr4::at(ck_tile::number<0>{})) + "x" + _TS_(gbr4::at(ck_tile::number<1>{})) + "x" + _TS_(gbr4::at(ck_tile::number<2>{})) + "_" +
             "w" + _TS_(gwt0::at(ck_tile::number<0>{})) + "x" + _TS_(gwt0::at(ck_tile::number<1>{})) + "x" + _TS_(gwt0::at(ck_tile::number<2>{})) + "_" +
             "w" + _TS_(gwt1::at(ck_tile::number<0>{})) + "x" + _TS_(gwt1::at(ck_tile::number<1>{})) + "x" + _TS_(gwt1::at(ck_tile::number<2>{})) + "_" +
             ("o" + _TS_(kBlockPerCu)) + "_" +
             ("maxq" + _TS_(kMaxSeqLenQ)) +
             (pn.empty() ? "_npad" : "_" + pn) +
             (BiasEnum == BlockAttentionBiasEnum::NO_BIAS ? _SS_("_nbias") : (_SS_("_") + BlockAttentionBiasEnumToStr<BiasEnum>::name)) +
             (kHasBiasGrad ? "_dbias" : "_ndbias") + (kHasMask ? "_" + _SS_(FmhaMask::name) : "_nmask") + (kHasDropout ? gwt0::at(ck_tile::number<0>{}) == 16? "_dropout_wg16":"_dropout_wg32" : "_ndropout" ) +
             (kIsStoreRandval ? "_storerandval" : "" ) + (kIsDeterministic ? "_deterministic" : "_ndeterministic" ) + (kUseTrLoad ? "_trload" : "_ntrload");
         #undef _SS_
         #undef _TS_
         // clang-format on
     }
  
     template <ck_tile::index_t I> // to avoid duplicated base class prblem, introduce an template
                                   // arg
     struct FmhaBwdEmptyKargs
     {
     };
  
     // kargs use aggregate initializer, so no constructor will provided
     // use inheritance to minimize karg size
     // user need to use MakeKargs() function to create kargs.
     struct FmhaBwdCommonKargs
     {
         const void* q_ptr;
         const void* k_ptr;
         const void* v_ptr;
         const void* lse_ptr;
         const void* do_ptr;
         const void* d_ptr;
         void* dq_acc_ptr; // can be dq_ptr for qrqtrdor pipeline
         void* dk_ptr;
         void* dv_ptr;
  
         ck_tile::index_t seqlen_q;
         ck_tile::index_t seqlen_k;
         ck_tile::index_t hdim_q;
         ck_tile::index_t hdim_v;
  
         // for MQA/GQA, nhead could be different. This parameter is nhead_q / nhead_k
         // if this param is larger than 1, indicate MQA/GQA case
         ck_tile::index_t num_head_q;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_ratio_qk;
         float raw_scale;
         float scale;
  
         ck_tile::index_t stride_q;
         ck_tile::index_t stride_k;
         ck_tile::index_t stride_v;
         ck_tile::index_t stride_do;
         ck_tile::index_t stride_dq_acc;
         ck_tile::index_t stride_dk;
         ck_tile::index_t stride_dv;
  
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_q;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_k;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_v;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_do;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_lsed;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dq_acc;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dk;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dv;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdCommonBiasKargs
     {
         const void* bias_ptr               = nullptr;
         ck_tile::index_t stride_bias       = 0;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_bias = 0;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdBatchModeBiasKargs : FmhaBwdCommonBiasKargs
     {
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_bias = 0;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdAlibiKargs
     {
         // alibi is batch*nhead*1, no matter in batch/group mode, they are the same
         const void* alibi_slope_ptr;
         ck_tile::index_t alibi_slope_stride; // stride in batch, or 0 for all batch share same slope
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdCommonBiasGradKargs
     {
         void* dbias_ptr                     = nullptr;
         ck_tile::index_t stride_dbias       = 0;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dbias = 0;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdBatchModeBiasGradKargs : FmhaBwdCommonBiasGradKargs
     {
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_dbias = 0;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdMaskKargs
     {
         ck_tile::index_t window_size_left, window_size_right;
         ck_tile::GenericAttentionMaskEnum mask_type;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdDropoutSeedOffset
     {
         template <typename T>
         union ValueOrPointer
         {
             T val;
             const T* ptr;
         };
  
         ValueOrPointer<uint64_t> drop_seed;
         ValueOrPointer<uint64_t> drop_offset;
         bool is_drop_seed_offset_from_host;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdCommonDropoutKargs : FmhaBwdDropoutSeedOffset
     {
         void init_dropout(float p_drop, uint64_t seed, uint64_t offset, float raw_scale)
         {
             float p_undrop = 1.0 - p_drop;
             p_undrop_in_uint8_t =
                 uint8_t(std::floor(p_undrop * std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max()));
             rp_undrop       = 1.0 / p_undrop;
             scale_rp_undrop = rp_undrop * raw_scale;
  
             this->drop_seed.val                 = seed;
             this->drop_offset.val               = offset;
             this->is_drop_seed_offset_from_host = true;
         }
  
         void init_dropout(float p_drop,
                           const uint64_t* seed_ptr,
                           const uint64_t* offset_ptr,
                           float raw_scale)
         {
             float p_undrop = 1.0 - p_drop;
             p_undrop_in_uint8_t =
                 uint8_t(std::floor(p_undrop * std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max()));
             rp_undrop       = 1.0 / p_undrop;
             scale_rp_undrop = rp_undrop * raw_scale;
  
             this->drop_seed.ptr                 = seed_ptr;
             this->drop_offset.ptr               = offset_ptr;
             this->is_drop_seed_offset_from_host = false;
         }
  
         float rp_undrop             = 1;
         float scale_rp_undrop       = 1;
         uint8_t p_undrop_in_uint8_t = std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max();
         void* rand_val_ptr          = nullptr;
  
         ck_tile::index_t stride_randval       = 0;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_randval = 0;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdBatchModeDropoutKargs : FmhaBwdCommonDropoutKargs
     {
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_randval = 0;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdDeterministicKargs
     {
         ck_tile::index_t split_stride_dq_acc = 0;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdBatchModeKargs
         : FmhaBwdCommonKargs,
           std::conditional_t<BiasEnum == BlockAttentionBiasEnum::ELEMENTWISE_BIAS,
                              FmhaBwdBatchModeBiasKargs,
                              std::conditional_t<BiasEnum == BlockAttentionBiasEnum::ALIBI,
                                                 FmhaBwdAlibiKargs,
                                                 FmhaBwdEmptyKargs<0>>>,
           std::conditional_t<kHasBiasGrad, FmhaBwdBatchModeBiasGradKargs, FmhaBwdEmptyKargs<1>>,
           std::conditional_t<kHasMask, FmhaBwdMaskKargs, FmhaBwdEmptyKargs<2>>,
           std::conditional_t<kHasDropout, FmhaBwdBatchModeDropoutKargs, FmhaBwdEmptyKargs<3>>,
           std::conditional_t<kIsDeterministic, FmhaBwdDeterministicKargs, FmhaBwdEmptyKargs<4>>
     {
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_q;
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_k;
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_v;
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_do;
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_lsed;
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_dq_acc;
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_dk;
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_dv;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdGroupModeKargs
         : FmhaBwdCommonKargs,
           std::conditional_t<BiasEnum == BlockAttentionBiasEnum::ELEMENTWISE_BIAS,
                              FmhaBwdCommonBiasKargs,
                              std::conditional_t<BiasEnum == BlockAttentionBiasEnum::ALIBI,
                                                 FmhaBwdAlibiKargs,
                                                 FmhaBwdEmptyKargs<0>>>,
           std::conditional_t<kHasBiasGrad, FmhaBwdCommonBiasGradKargs, FmhaBwdEmptyKargs<1>>,
           std::conditional_t<kHasMask, FmhaBwdMaskKargs, FmhaBwdEmptyKargs<2>>,
           std::conditional_t<kHasDropout, FmhaBwdCommonDropoutKargs, FmhaBwdEmptyKargs<3>>,
           std::conditional_t<kIsDeterministic, FmhaBwdDeterministicKargs, FmhaBwdEmptyKargs<4>>
     {
         const int32_t* seqstart_q_ptr;
         const int32_t* seqstart_k_ptr;
         const int32_t* seqlen_k_ptr;
     };
  
     using Kargs = std::conditional_t<kIsGroupMode, FmhaBwdGroupModeKargs, FmhaBwdBatchModeKargs>;
  
     // std::variant<> can't take in a list initializer, overload for backward compatibility
     template <typename... Ts>
     CK_TILE_HOST static constexpr Kargs
     MakeKargs(Ts... args, const std::tuple<uint64_t, uint64_t>& drop_seed_offset)
     {
         return MakeKargsImpl(
             args..., std::make_pair(std::get<0>(drop_seed_offset), std::get<1>(drop_seed_offset)));
     }
  
     // std::variant<> can't take in a list initializer, overload for backward compatibility
     template <typename... Ts>
     CK_TILE_HOST static constexpr Kargs
     MakeKargs(Ts... args, const std::tuple<const void*, const void*>& drop_seed_offset)
     {
         return MakeKargsImpl(
             args..., std::make_pair(std::get<0>(drop_seed_offset), std::get<1>(drop_seed_offset)));
     }
  
     template <bool Cond = !kIsGroupMode>
     CK_TILE_HOST static constexpr std::enable_if_t<Cond, Kargs>
     MakeKargsImpl(const void* q_ptr,
                   const void* k_ptr,
                   const void* v_ptr,
                   const void* bias_ptr,
                   const void* lse_ptr,
                   const void* do_ptr,
                   const void* d_ptr,
                   void* rand_val_ptr,
                   void* dk_ptr,
                   void* dv_ptr,
                   void* dbias_ptr,
                   void* dq_acc_ptr, // can be dq_acc_ptr for qrqtrdor pipeline
                   ck_tile::index_t seqlen_q,
                   ck_tile::index_t seqlen_k,
                   ck_tile::index_t hdim_q,
                   ck_tile::index_t hdim_v,
                   ck_tile::index_t num_head_q,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_ratio_qk,
                   float scale,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_q,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_k,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_v,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_bias,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_randval,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_do,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_dq_acc,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_dk,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_dv,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_dbias,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_q,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_k,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_v,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_bias,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_randval,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_do,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_lsed,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dq_acc,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dk,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dv,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dbias,
                   ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_q,
                   ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_k,
                   ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_v,
                   ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_bias,
                   ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_randval,
                   ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_do,
                   ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_lsed,
                   ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_dq_acc,
                   ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_dk,
                   ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_dv,
                   ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_dbias,
                   ck_tile::index_t split_stride_dq_acc,
                   ck_tile::index_t window_size_left,
                   ck_tile::index_t window_size_right,
                   ck_tile::index_t mask_type,
                   float p_drop,
                   std::variant<std::pair<uint64_t, uint64_t>, std::pair<const void*, const void*>>
                       drop_seed_offset)
     {
         Kargs kargs{{q_ptr,
                      k_ptr,
                      v_ptr,
                      lse_ptr,
                      do_ptr,
                      d_ptr,
                      dq_acc_ptr,
                      dk_ptr,
                      dv_ptr,
                      seqlen_q,
                      seqlen_k,
                      hdim_q,
                      hdim_v,
                      num_head_q,
                      nhead_ratio_qk,
                      scale,
                      static_cast<float>(scale * ck_tile::log2e_v<>),
                      stride_q,
                      stride_k,
                      stride_v,
                      stride_do,
                      stride_dq_acc,
                      stride_dk,
                      stride_dv,
                      nhead_stride_q,
                      nhead_stride_k,
                      nhead_stride_v,
                      nhead_stride_do,
                      nhead_stride_lsed,
                      nhead_stride_dq_acc,
                      nhead_stride_dk,
                      nhead_stride_dv}, // args for common karg
                     {},                // placeholder for bias
                     {},                // placeholder for dbias
                     {},                // placeholder for mask
                     {},                // placeholder for dropout
                     {},                // placeholder for deterministic
                     batch_stride_q,
                     batch_stride_k,
                     batch_stride_v,
                     batch_stride_do,
                     batch_stride_lsed,
                     batch_stride_dq_acc,
                     batch_stride_dk,
                     batch_stride_dv};
  
         if constexpr(BiasEnum == BlockAttentionBiasEnum::ELEMENTWISE_BIAS)
         {
             kargs.bias_ptr          = bias_ptr;
             kargs.stride_bias       = stride_bias;
             kargs.nhead_stride_bias = nhead_stride_bias;
             kargs.batch_stride_bias = batch_stride_bias;
         }
         else if constexpr(BiasEnum == BlockAttentionBiasEnum::ALIBI)
         {
             kargs.alibi_slope_ptr    = bias_ptr;
             kargs.alibi_slope_stride = stride_bias;
         }
  
         if constexpr(kHasBiasGrad)
         {
             kargs.dbias_ptr          = dbias_ptr;
             kargs.stride_dbias       = stride_dbias;
             kargs.nhead_stride_dbias = nhead_stride_dbias;
             kargs.batch_stride_dbias = batch_stride_dbias;
         }
  
         if constexpr(kHasMask)
         {
             kargs.window_size_left  = window_size_left;
             kargs.window_size_right = window_size_right;
             kargs.mask_type         = static_cast<ck_tile::GenericAttentionMaskEnum>(mask_type);
         }
  
         if constexpr(kHasDropout)
         {
             if(drop_seed_offset.index() == 0) // seed & offset come from host
             {
                 const auto& [seed, offset] = std::get<0>(drop_seed_offset);
                 kargs.init_dropout(p_drop, seed, offset, scale);
             }
             else // seed & offset come from device
             {
                 const auto& [seed_ptr, offset_ptr] = std::get<1>(drop_seed_offset);
                 kargs.init_dropout(p_drop,
                                    reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(seed_ptr),
                                    reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(offset_ptr),
                                    scale);
             }
  
             if constexpr(kIsStoreRandval)
             {
                 kargs.rand_val_ptr         = rand_val_ptr;
                 kargs.stride_randval       = stride_randval;
                 kargs.nhead_stride_randval = nhead_stride_randval;
                 kargs.batch_stride_randval = batch_stride_randval;
             }
         }
  
         if constexpr(kIsDeterministic && !kUseQrQtrDorPipeline)
         {
             kargs.split_stride_dq_acc = split_stride_dq_acc;
         }
  
         return kargs;
     }
  
     template <bool Cond = kIsGroupMode>
     CK_TILE_HOST static constexpr std::enable_if_t<Cond, Kargs>
     MakeKargsImpl(const void* q_ptr,
                   const void* k_ptr,
                   const void* v_ptr,
                   const void* bias_ptr,
                   const void* lse_ptr,
                   const void* do_ptr,
                   const void* d_ptr,
                   void* rand_val_ptr,
                   void* dk_ptr,
                   void* dv_ptr,
                   void* dbias_ptr,
                   void* dq_acc_ptr,
                   const void* seqstart_q_ptr,
                   const void* seqstart_k_ptr,
                   const void* seqlen_k_ptr,
                   ck_tile::index_t hdim_q,
                   ck_tile::index_t hdim_v,
                   ck_tile::index_t num_head_q,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_ratio_qk,
                   float scale,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_q,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_k,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_v,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_bias,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_randval,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_do,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_dq_acc,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_dk,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_dv,
                   ck_tile::index_t stride_dbias,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_q,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_k,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_v,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_bias,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_randval,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_do,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_lsed,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dq_acc,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dk,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dv,
                   ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dbias,
                   ck_tile::index_t split_stride_dq_acc,
                   ck_tile::index_t window_size_left,
                   ck_tile::index_t window_size_right,
                   ck_tile::index_t mask_type,
                   float p_drop,
                   std::variant<std::pair<uint64_t, uint64_t>, std::pair<const void*, const void*>>
                       drop_seed_offset)
     {
         Kargs kargs{{q_ptr,
                      k_ptr,
                      v_ptr,
                      lse_ptr,
                      do_ptr,
                      d_ptr,
                      dq_acc_ptr,
                      dk_ptr,
                      dv_ptr,
                      -1, // seqlen will be updated by another pointer
                      -1, //
                      hdim_q,
                      hdim_v,
                      num_head_q,
                      nhead_ratio_qk,
                      scale,
                      static_cast<float>(scale * ck_tile::log2e_v<>),
                      stride_q,
                      stride_k,
                      stride_v,
                      stride_do,
                      stride_dq_acc,
                      stride_dk,
                      stride_dv,
                      nhead_stride_q,
                      nhead_stride_k,
                      nhead_stride_v,
                      nhead_stride_do,
                      nhead_stride_lsed,
                      nhead_stride_dq_acc,
                      nhead_stride_dk,
                      nhead_stride_dv}, // args for common karg
                     {},                // placeholder for bias
                     {},                // placeholder for dbias
                     {},                // placeholder for mask
                     {},                // placeholder for dropout
                     {},                // placeholder for deterministic
                     reinterpret_cast<const int32_t*>(seqstart_q_ptr),
                     reinterpret_cast<const int32_t*>(seqstart_k_ptr),
                     reinterpret_cast<const int32_t*>(seqlen_k_ptr)};
  
         if constexpr(BiasEnum == BlockAttentionBiasEnum::ELEMENTWISE_BIAS)
         {
             kargs.bias_ptr          = bias_ptr;
             kargs.stride_bias       = stride_bias;
             kargs.nhead_stride_bias = nhead_stride_bias;
         }
         else if constexpr(BiasEnum == BlockAttentionBiasEnum::ALIBI)
         {
             kargs.alibi_slope_ptr    = bias_ptr;
             kargs.alibi_slope_stride = stride_bias;
         }
         if constexpr(kHasBiasGrad)
         {
             kargs.dbias_ptr          = dbias_ptr;
             kargs.stride_dbias       = stride_dbias;
             kargs.nhead_stride_dbias = nhead_stride_dbias;
         }
         if constexpr(kHasMask)
         {
             kargs.window_size_left  = window_size_left;
             kargs.window_size_right = window_size_right;
             kargs.mask_type         = static_cast<ck_tile::GenericAttentionMaskEnum>(mask_type);
         }
         if constexpr(kHasDropout)
         {
             if(drop_seed_offset.index() == 0) // seed & offset come from host
             {
                 const auto& [seed, offset] = std::get<0>(drop_seed_offset);
                 kargs.init_dropout(p_drop, seed, offset, scale);
             }
             else // seed & offset come from device
             {
                 const auto& [seed_ptr, offset_ptr] = std::get<1>(drop_seed_offset);
                 kargs.init_dropout(p_drop,
                                    reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(seed_ptr),
                                    reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(offset_ptr),
                                    scale);
             }
  
             if constexpr(kIsStoreRandval)
             {
                 kargs.rand_val_ptr         = rand_val_ptr;
                 kargs.stride_randval       = stride_randval;
                 kargs.nhead_stride_randval = nhead_stride_randval;
             }
         }
         if constexpr(kIsDeterministic)
         {
             kargs.split_stride_dq_acc = split_stride_dq_acc;
         }
  
         return kargs;
     }
  
     CK_TILE_HOST static constexpr auto
     GridSize(ck_tile::index_t batch_size_, ck_tile::index_t nhead_, ck_tile::index_t seqlen_k_)
     {
         return dim3(
             kUseQrQtrDorPipeline ? 1 : ck_tile::integer_divide_ceil(seqlen_k_, FmhaPipeline::kN0),
             nhead_,
             batch_size_);
     }
  
     CK_TILE_DEVICE static constexpr auto GetTileIndex()
     {
         const index_t i_block = blockIdx.x;
         const index_t i_nhead = blockIdx.y;
         const index_t i_batch = blockIdx.z;
  
         return ck_tile::make_tuple(i_block, i_nhead, i_batch);
     }
  
     CK_TILE_HOST static constexpr auto BlockSize() { return dim3(kBlockSize); }
  
     CK_TILE_HOST_DEVICE static constexpr ck_tile::index_t GetSmemSize()
     {
         return ck_tile::max(FmhaPipeline::GetSmemSize(),
                             KGradEpiloguePipeline::GetSmemSize(),
                             VGradEpiloguePipeline::GetSmemSize());
     }
  
     CK_TILE_DEVICE void operator()(Kargs kargs) const
     {
         if constexpr(kIsAvailable)
             run_(std::move(kargs));
     }
  
     CK_TILE_DEVICE void run_(Kargs kargs) const
     {
         // allocate LDS
         __shared__ char smem_ptr[GetSmemSize()];
  
         // divide problem
         const auto [i_tile_n, i_nhead, i_batch] = GetTileIndex();
  
         const index_t i_n0 = amd_wave_read_first_lane(i_tile_n * FmhaPipeline::kN0);
  
         long_index_t batch_offset_q       = 0;
         long_index_t batch_offset_k       = 0;
         long_index_t batch_offset_v       = 0;
         long_index_t batch_offset_bias    = 0;
         long_index_t batch_offset_randval = 0;
         long_index_t batch_offset_do      = 0;
         long_index_t batch_offset_lsed    = 0;
         long_index_t batch_offset_dq_acc  = 0;
         long_index_t batch_offset_dk      = 0;
         long_index_t batch_offset_dv      = 0;
         long_index_t batch_offset_dbias   = 0;
  
         if constexpr(kIsGroupMode)
         {
             // get starting offset for each batch
             const long_index_t query_start = kargs.seqstart_q_ptr[i_batch];
             const long_index_t key_start   = kargs.seqstart_k_ptr[i_batch];
  
             batch_offset_q      = query_start * kargs.stride_q;
             batch_offset_k      = key_start * kargs.stride_k;
             batch_offset_v      = key_start * kargs.stride_v;
             batch_offset_do     = query_start * kargs.stride_do;
             batch_offset_lsed   = query_start;
             batch_offset_dq_acc = query_start * kargs.stride_dq_acc;
             batch_offset_dk     = key_start * kargs.stride_dk;
             batch_offset_dv     = key_start * kargs.stride_dv;
             if constexpr(BiasEnum == BlockAttentionBiasEnum::ELEMENTWISE_BIAS)
             {
                 batch_offset_bias = query_start * kargs.stride_bias;
             }
             if constexpr(kHasBiasGrad)
             {
                 batch_offset_dbias = query_start * kargs.stride_dbias;
             }
             else
             {
                 batch_offset_dbias = key_start;
             }
             if constexpr(kIsStoreRandval)
             {
                 batch_offset_randval = query_start * kargs.stride_randval;
             }
  
             // get real # queries & # keys under group mode
             const auto adjusted_seqstart_q_ptr = kargs.seqstart_q_ptr + i_batch;
             kargs.seqlen_q = adjusted_seqstart_q_ptr[1] - adjusted_seqstart_q_ptr[0];
             if(kargs.seqlen_k_ptr != nullptr)
             {
                 kargs.seqlen_k = kargs.seqlen_k_ptr[i_batch];
             }
             else
             {
                 const auto adjusted_seqstart_k_ptr = kargs.seqstart_k_ptr + i_batch;
                 kargs.seqlen_k = adjusted_seqstart_k_ptr[1] - adjusted_seqstart_k_ptr[0];
             }
  
             // # of required blocks is different in each groups, terminate unnecessary blocks
             // earlier
             if constexpr(!kUseQrQtrDorPipeline)
                 if(kargs.seqlen_k <= i_n0)
                     return;
         }
         else
         {
             batch_offset_q      = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_q;
             batch_offset_k      = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_k;
             batch_offset_v      = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_v;
             batch_offset_do     = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_do;
             batch_offset_lsed   = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_lsed;
             batch_offset_dq_acc = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_dq_acc;
             batch_offset_dk     = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_dk;
             batch_offset_dv     = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_dv;
             if constexpr(BiasEnum == BlockAttentionBiasEnum::ELEMENTWISE_BIAS)
             {
                 batch_offset_bias = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_bias;
             }
             if constexpr(kHasBiasGrad)
             {
                 batch_offset_dbias = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_dbias;
             }
             if constexpr(kIsStoreRandval)
             {
                 batch_offset_randval =
                     static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_randval;
             }
         }
  
         // for simplicity, batch stride we just modify the pointer
         const QDataType* q_ptr = reinterpret_cast<const QDataType*>(kargs.q_ptr) +
                                  static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead) * kargs.nhead_stride_q +
                                  batch_offset_q;
         const KDataType* k_ptr =
             reinterpret_cast<const KDataType*>(kargs.k_ptr) +
             static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead / kargs.nhead_ratio_qk) * kargs.nhead_stride_k +
             batch_offset_k;
         const VDataType* v_ptr =
             reinterpret_cast<const VDataType*>(kargs.v_ptr) +
             static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead / kargs.nhead_ratio_qk) * kargs.nhead_stride_v +
             batch_offset_v;
         const LSEDataType* lse_ptr = reinterpret_cast<const LSEDataType*>(kargs.lse_ptr) +
                                      static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead) * kargs.nhead_stride_lsed +
                                      batch_offset_lsed;
         const DDataType* d_ptr = reinterpret_cast<const DDataType*>(kargs.d_ptr) +
                                  static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead) * kargs.nhead_stride_lsed +
                                  batch_offset_lsed;
         const OGradDataType* do_ptr = reinterpret_cast<const OGradDataType*>(kargs.do_ptr) +
                                       static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead) * kargs.nhead_stride_do +
                                       batch_offset_do;
         auto dk_ptr = reinterpret_cast<KGradDataType*>(kargs.dk_ptr) +
                       static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead) * kargs.nhead_stride_dk + batch_offset_dk;
         auto dv_ptr = reinterpret_cast<VGradDataType*>(kargs.dv_ptr) +
                       static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead) * kargs.nhead_stride_dv + batch_offset_dv;
  
         // Q/K/V/LSE/D/dO/dQ/dK/dV DRAM and DRAM window
         const auto q_dram_naive = make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global>(
             q_ptr,
             make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_q, kargs.hdim_q),
             make_tuple(kargs.stride_q, 1),
             number<FmhaPipeline::kAlignmentQ>{},
             number<1>{});
         const auto q_dram = pad_tensor_view(
             q_dram_naive,
             make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kM0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kQKHeaddim>{}),
             sequence<false, (kPadHeadDimQ > 0)>{});
  
         const auto k_dram_naive = make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global>(
             k_ptr,
             make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_k, kargs.hdim_q),
             make_tuple(kargs.stride_k, 1),
             number<FmhaPipeline::kAlignmentK>{},
             number<1>{});
         const auto k_dram = pad_tensor_view(
             k_dram_naive,
             make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kN0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kQKHeaddim>{}),
             sequence<false, (kPadHeadDimQ > 0)>{});
  
         const auto v_dram = [&]() {
             const auto v_dram_naive = make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global>(
                 v_ptr,
                 make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_k, kargs.hdim_v),
                 make_tuple(kargs.stride_v, 1),
                 number<FmhaPipeline::kAlignmentV>{},
                 number<1>{});
             return pad_tensor_view(
                 v_dram_naive,
                 make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kN0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kVHeaddim>{}),
                 sequence<false, (kPadHeadDimV > 0)>{});
         }();
  
         // lse and d should be fine to read unpaded data as they are not on the reduction dimension
         const auto lse_dram = make_naive_tensor_view_packed<address_space_enum::global>(
             lse_ptr, make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_q), number<FmhaPipeline::kM0>{});
  
         const auto d_dram = make_naive_tensor_view_packed<address_space_enum::global>(
             d_ptr, make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_q), number<FmhaPipeline::kM0>{});
  
         const auto do_dram_naive = make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global>(
             do_ptr,
             make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_q, kargs.hdim_v),
             make_tuple(kargs.stride_do, 1),
             number<FmhaPipeline::kAlignmentOGrad>{},
             number<1>{});
         const auto do_dram = pad_tensor_view(
             do_dram_naive,
             make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kM0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kVHeaddim>{}),
             sequence<false, (kPadHeadDimV > 0)>{});
  
         auto q_dram_window = make_tile_window(
             q_dram,
             make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kM0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kQKHeaddim>{}),
             {0, 0});
  
         auto k_dram_window = make_tile_window(
             k_dram,
             make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kN0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kQKHeaddim>{}),
             {i_n0, 0});
  
         auto v_dram_window = make_tile_window(
             v_dram,
             make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kN0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kVHeaddim>{}),
             {i_n0, 0});
  
         auto do_dram_window = make_tile_window(
             do_dram,
             make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kM0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kVHeaddim>{}),
             {0, 0});
  
         auto dq_dram_window = [&, i_tile_n_ = i_tile_n, i_nhead_ = i_nhead]() {
             constexpr bool kUseKSplit = !kUseQrQtrDorPipeline && kIsDeterministic;
             using DType = std::conditional_t<kUseQrQtrDorPipeline, QGradDataType, AccDataType>;
  
             auto dq_acc_ptr = reinterpret_cast<DType*>(kargs.dq_acc_ptr) + [&]() {
                 if constexpr(kUseKSplit)
                     return static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead_) * kargs.nhead_stride_dq_acc +
                            static_cast<long_index_t>(i_tile_n_) * kargs.split_stride_dq_acc +
                            batch_offset_dq_acc;
                 else
                     return static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead_) * kargs.nhead_stride_dq_acc +
                            batch_offset_dq_acc;
             }();
  
             constexpr auto DstInMemOp = conditional_expr<kUseKSplit>(
                 memory_operation_enum::set, memory_operation_enum::atomic_add);
             const auto dq_acc_dram_naive =
                 make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global, DstInMemOp>(
                     dq_acc_ptr,
                     make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_q, kargs.hdim_q),
                     make_tuple(kargs.stride_dq_acc, 1),
                     number<FmhaPipeline::kAlignmentQGrad>{},
                     number<1>{});
             const auto dq_acc_dram = pad_tensor_view(
                 dq_acc_dram_naive,
                 make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kM0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kQKHeaddim>{}),
                 sequence<false, (kPadHeadDimQ > 0)>{});
             return make_tile_window(
                 dq_acc_dram,
                 make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kM0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kQKHeaddim>{}),
                 {0, 0});
         }();
  
         auto lse_dram_window =
             make_tile_window(lse_dram, make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kM0>{}), {0});
  
         auto d_dram_window = make_tile_window(d_dram, make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kM0>{}), {0});
  
         constexpr auto bias_dram_window_lengths =
             make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kM0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kN0>{});
         const auto bias_dram_window = [&, i_nhead_ = i_nhead]() {
             if constexpr(BiasEnum == BlockAttentionBiasEnum::ELEMENTWISE_BIAS)
             {
                 const BiasDataType* bias_ptr =
                     reinterpret_cast<const BiasDataType*>(kargs.bias_ptr) +
                     static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead_) * kargs.nhead_stride_bias +
                     batch_offset_bias;
  
                 const auto bias_dram = [&]() {
                     const auto bias_dram_naive = make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global>(
                         bias_ptr,
                         make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_q, kargs.seqlen_k),
                         make_tuple(kargs.stride_bias, 1),
                         number<FmhaPipeline::kAlignmentBias>{},
                         number<1>{});
  
                     return pad_tensor_view(
                         bias_dram_naive, bias_dram_window_lengths, sequence<false, true>{});
                 }();
  
                 return make_tile_window(bias_dram, bias_dram_window_lengths, {0, i_n0});
             }
             else
             {
                 return make_null_tile_window(bias_dram_window_lengths);
             }
         }();
  
         auto dbias_dram_window = [&, i_nhead_ = i_nhead]() {
             if constexpr(kHasBiasGrad)
             {
                 BiasGradDataType* dbias_ptr =
                     reinterpret_cast<BiasGradDataType*>(kargs.dbias_ptr) +
                     static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead_) * kargs.nhead_stride_dbias +
                     batch_offset_dbias;
  
                 auto dbias_dram = [&]() {
                     const auto dbias_dram_naive =
                         make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global>(
                             dbias_ptr,
                             make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_q, kargs.seqlen_k),
                             make_tuple(kargs.stride_dbias, 1),
                             number<FmhaPipeline::kAlignmentBias>{},
                             number<1>{});
  
                     return pad_tensor_view(
                         dbias_dram_naive, bias_dram_window_lengths, sequence<false, true>{});
                 }();
  
                 return make_tile_window(dbias_dram, bias_dram_window_lengths, {0, i_n0});
             }
             else
             {
                 return make_null_tile_window(bias_dram_window_lengths);
             }
         }();
  
         // WA i_batch capture structure binding before c++20
         auto position_encoding = [&, i_batch_ = i_batch, i_nhead_ = i_nhead]() {
             if constexpr(BiasEnum == BlockAttentionBiasEnum::ALIBI)
             {
                 // data loading, shared by entire wg
                 // TODO: how to use s_read?
                 AccDataType slope = *(reinterpret_cast<const AccDataType*>(kargs.alibi_slope_ptr) +
                                       i_batch_ * kargs.alibi_slope_stride + i_nhead_);
                 slope *= ck_tile::log2e_v<>;
                 if constexpr(kHasMask)
                 {
                     return make_alibi_from_lr_mask<AccDataType, false>(slope,
                                                                        kargs.window_size_left,
                                                                        kargs.window_size_right,
                                                                        kargs.seqlen_q,
                                                                        kargs.seqlen_k,
                                                                        kargs.mask_type);
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     return Alibi<AccDataType, false>{
                         slope, kargs.seqlen_q, kargs.seqlen_k, AlibiMode::FROM_BOTTOM_RIGHT};
                 }
             }
             else
             {
                 return EmptyPositionEncoding<AccDataType>{};
             }
         }();
  
         // dropout
         float rp_undrop       = 1;
         float scale_rp_undrop = 1;
         if constexpr(kHasDropout)
         {
             rp_undrop       = kargs.rp_undrop;
             scale_rp_undrop = kargs.scale_rp_undrop;
         }
         auto dropout = [&, i_nhead_ = i_nhead, i_batch_ = i_batch]() {
             if constexpr(kHasDropout)
             {
                 return FmhaDropout{i_batch_,
                                    i_nhead_,
                                    kargs.num_head_q,
                                    kargs.is_drop_seed_offset_from_host ? kargs.drop_seed.val
                                                                        : *kargs.drop_seed.ptr,
                                    kargs.is_drop_seed_offset_from_host ? kargs.drop_offset.val
                                                                        : *kargs.drop_offset.ptr,
                                    kargs.rp_undrop,
                                    kargs.p_undrop_in_uint8_t};
             }
             else
             {
                 return FmhaDropout{};
             };
         }();
  
         auto randval_dram_window = [&, i_nhead_ = i_nhead]() {
             constexpr auto randval_dram_window_lengths =
                 make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kM0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kN0>{});
             if constexpr(kIsStoreRandval)
             {
                 RandValOutputDataType* rand_val_ptr =
                     reinterpret_cast<RandValOutputDataType*>(kargs.rand_val_ptr) +
                     static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead_) * kargs.nhead_stride_randval +
                     batch_offset_randval;
  
                 const auto randval_dram = [&]() {
                     const auto randval_dram_naive =
                         make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global>(
                             rand_val_ptr,
                             make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_q, kargs.seqlen_k),
                             make_tuple(kargs.stride_randval, 1),
                             number<1>{},
                             number<1>{});
  
                     return pad_tensor_view(
                         randval_dram_naive, randval_dram_window_lengths, sequence<false, true>{});
                 }();
  
                 return make_tile_window(randval_dram, randval_dram_window_lengths, {0, i_n0});
             }
             else
             {
                 return make_null_tile_window(randval_dram_window_lengths);
             }
         }();
  
         FmhaMask mask = [&]() {
             if constexpr(kHasMask)
                 return ck_tile::make_generic_attention_mask_from_lr_window<FmhaMask>(
                     kargs.window_size_left,
                     kargs.window_size_right,
                     kargs.seqlen_q,
                     kargs.seqlen_k,
                     kargs.mask_type == GenericAttentionMaskEnum::MASK_FROM_TOP_LEFT);
             else
                 return FmhaMask{kargs.seqlen_q, kargs.seqlen_k};
         }();
  
         auto dk_dram = [&]() {
             const auto dk_dram_naive = make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global>(
                 dk_ptr,
                 make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_k, kargs.hdim_q),
                 make_tuple(kargs.stride_dk, 1),
                 number<FmhaPipeline::kAlignmentKGrad>{},
                 number<1>{});
  
             return pad_tensor_view(
                 dk_dram_naive,
                 make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kN0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kQKHeaddim>{}),
                 sequence<false, (kPadHeadDimQ > 0)>{});
         }();
  
         auto dv_dram = [&]() {
             const auto dv_dram_naive = make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global>(
                 dv_ptr,
                 make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_k, kargs.hdim_v),
                 make_tuple(kargs.stride_dv, 1),
                 number<FmhaPipeline::kAlignmentVGrad>{},
                 number<1>{});
  
             return pad_tensor_view(
                 dv_dram_naive,
                 make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kN0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kVHeaddim>{}),
                 sequence<false, (kPadHeadDimV > 0)>{});
         }();
  
         auto dk_dram_window = make_tile_window(
             dk_dram,
             make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kN0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kQKHeaddim>{}),
             {i_n0, 0});
  
         auto dv_dram_window = make_tile_window(
             dv_dram,
             make_tuple(number<FmhaPipeline::kN0>{}, number<FmhaPipeline::kVHeaddim>{}),
             {i_n0, 0});
         if constexpr(!kUseQrQtrDorPipeline)
         {
             auto [dk_acc_tile, dv_acc_tile] = FmhaPipeline{}(smem_ptr,
                                                              q_dram_window,
                                                              k_dram_window,
                                                              v_dram_window,
                                                              bias_dram_window,
                                                              randval_dram_window,
                                                              do_dram_window,
                                                              lse_dram_window,
                                                              d_dram_window,
                                                              dq_dram_window,
                                                              dbias_dram_window,
                                                              mask,
                                                              position_encoding,
                                                              kargs.raw_scale,
                                                              kargs.scale,
                                                              rp_undrop,
                                                              scale_rp_undrop,
                                                              dropout);
  
             KGradEpiloguePipeline{}(dk_dram_window, dk_acc_tile, nullptr);
             VGradEpiloguePipeline{}(dv_dram_window, dv_acc_tile, nullptr);
         }
         else
         {
             FmhaPipeline{}(smem_ptr,
                            q_dram_window,
                            k_dram_window,
                            v_dram_window,
                            bias_dram_window,
                            randval_dram_window,
                            do_dram_window,
                            lse_dram_window,
                            d_dram_window,
                            dq_dram_window,
                            dk_dram_window,
                            dv_dram_window,
                            dbias_dram_window,
                            QGradEpiloguePipeline{},
                            KGradEpiloguePipeline{},
                            VGradEpiloguePipeline{},
                            mask,
                            position_encoding,
                            kargs.raw_scale,
                            kargs.scale,
                            rp_undrop,
                            scale_rp_undrop,
                            dropout);
         }
     }
 };
  
 template <typename FmhaBwdOGradDotO_>
 struct FmhaBwdOGradDotOKernel
 {
     using FmhaBwdOGradDotO                        = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<FmhaBwdOGradDotO_>;
     static constexpr ck_tile::index_t kBlockSize  = FmhaBwdOGradDotO::kBlockSize;
     static constexpr ck_tile::index_t kBlockPerCu = FmhaBwdOGradDotO::kBlockPerCu;
     static constexpr ck_tile::index_t kM0         = kBlockSize;
     static constexpr ck_tile::index_t kVHeaddim   = FmhaBwdOGradDotO::kVHeaddim;
  
     using DDataType     = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaBwdOGradDotO::DDataType>;
     using ODataType     = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaBwdOGradDotO::ODataType>;
     using OGradDataType = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaBwdOGradDotO::OGradDataType>;
  
     static constexpr bool kIsGroupMode = FmhaBwdOGradDotO::kIsGroupMode;
     static constexpr bool kPadSeqLenQ  = FmhaBwdOGradDotO::kPadSeqLenQ;
     static constexpr bool kPadHeadDimV = FmhaBwdOGradDotO::kPadHeadDimV;
  
     // clang-format off
     template <typename T> struct t2s;
     template <> struct t2s<float> { static constexpr const char * name = "fp32"; };
     template <> struct t2s<ck_tile::fp16_t> { static constexpr const char * name = "fp16"; };
     template <> struct t2s<ck_tile::bf16_t> { static constexpr const char * name = "bf16"; };
     // clang-format on
  
     CK_TILE_HOST static std::string GetName()
     {
         // sync with generate.py
         // clang-format off
         
         #define _SS_  std::string
         #define _TS_  std::to_string
         auto pn = [&] () {
             std::string n;
             if (kPadSeqLenQ) n += "s";
             if (kPadHeadDimV) n += "dv";
             return n.empty() ? n : std::string("p") + n; }();
         return
             _SS_("fmha_bwd_dot_do_o_d") + _TS_(kVHeaddim) + "_" + _SS_(t2s<ODataType>::name) +
             "_" + (kIsGroupMode ? "group" : "batch") + "_" +
             ("o" + _TS_(kBlockPerCu)) + (pn.empty() ? "_npad" : "_" + pn);
         #undef _SS_
         #undef _TS_
         // clang-format on
     }
  
     // kargs use aggregate initializer, so no constructor will provided
     // use inheritance to minimize karg size
     // user need to use MakeKargs() function to create kargs.
     struct FmhaBwdOGradDotOCommonKargs
     {
         const void* o_ptr;
         const void* do_ptr;
         void* d_ptr;
  
         float p_undrop;
  
         ck_tile::index_t seqlen_q;
         ck_tile::index_t hdim_v;
  
         ck_tile::index_t stride_do;
         ck_tile::index_t stride_o;
  
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_do;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_o;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_d;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdOGradDotOBatchModeKargs : FmhaBwdOGradDotOCommonKargs
     {
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_do;
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_o;
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_d;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdOGradDotOGroupModeKargs : FmhaBwdOGradDotOCommonKargs
     {
         const int32_t* seqstart_q_ptr;
     };
  
     using Kargs = std::
         conditional_t<kIsGroupMode, FmhaBwdOGradDotOGroupModeKargs, FmhaBwdOGradDotOBatchModeKargs>;
  
     template <bool Cond = !kIsGroupMode>
     CK_TILE_HOST static constexpr std::enable_if_t<Cond, Kargs>
     MakeKargs(const void* o_ptr,
               const void* do_ptr,
               void* d_ptr,
               float p_undrop,
               ck_tile::index_t seqlen_q,
               ck_tile::index_t hdim_v,
               ck_tile::index_t stride_do,
               ck_tile::index_t stride_o,
               ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_do,
               ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_o,
               ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_d,
               ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_do,
               ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_o,
               ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_d)
     {
         Kargs kargs{{o_ptr,
                      do_ptr,
                      d_ptr,
                      p_undrop,
                      seqlen_q,
                      hdim_v,
                      stride_do,
                      stride_o,
                      nhead_stride_do,
                      nhead_stride_o,
                      nhead_stride_d},
                     batch_stride_do,
                     batch_stride_o,
                     batch_stride_d};
  
         return kargs;
     }
  
     template <bool Cond = kIsGroupMode>
     CK_TILE_HOST static constexpr std::enable_if_t<Cond, Kargs>
     MakeKargs(const void* o_ptr,
               const void* do_ptr,
               void* d_ptr,
               float p_undrop,
               const void* seqstart_q_ptr,
               ck_tile::index_t hdim_v,
               ck_tile::index_t stride_do,
               ck_tile::index_t stride_o,
               ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_do,
               ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_o,
               ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_d)
     {
         Kargs kargs{{o_ptr,
                      do_ptr,
                      d_ptr,
                      p_undrop,
                      -1, // seqlen will be updated by another pointer
                      hdim_v,
                      stride_do,
                      stride_o,
                      nhead_stride_do,
                      nhead_stride_o,
                      nhead_stride_d},
                     reinterpret_cast<const int32_t*>(seqstart_q_ptr)};
  
         return kargs;
     }
  
     CK_TILE_HOST static constexpr auto
     GridSize(ck_tile::index_t batch_size_, ck_tile::index_t nhead_, ck_tile::index_t seqlen_q_)
     {
         return dim3(ck_tile::integer_divide_ceil(seqlen_q_, kM0), nhead_, batch_size_);
     }
  
     CK_TILE_DEVICE static constexpr auto GetTileIndex()
     {
         const index_t i_block = blockIdx.x;
         const index_t i_nhead = blockIdx.y;
         const index_t i_batch = blockIdx.z;
  
         return ck_tile::make_tuple(i_block, i_nhead, i_batch);
     }
  
     CK_TILE_HOST static constexpr auto BlockSize() { return dim3(kBlockSize); }
  
     CK_TILE_HOST_DEVICE static constexpr ck_tile::index_t GetSmemSize() { return 0; }
  
     CK_TILE_DEVICE void operator()(Kargs kargs) const
     {
         // divide problem
         const auto [i_tile_m, i_nhead, i_batch] = GetTileIndex();
  
         const index_t i_m0 = amd_wave_read_first_lane(i_tile_m * kM0);
  
         long_index_t batch_offset_o  = 0;
         long_index_t batch_offset_do = 0;
         long_index_t batch_offset_d  = 0;
  
         if constexpr(kIsGroupMode)
         {
             // get starting offset for each batch
             const long_index_t query_start = kargs.seqstart_q_ptr[i_batch];
  
             batch_offset_o  = query_start * kargs.stride_o;
             batch_offset_do = query_start * kargs.stride_do;
             batch_offset_d  = query_start;
  
             // get real # queries & # keys under group mode
             const auto adjusted_seqstart_q_ptr = kargs.seqstart_q_ptr + i_batch;
             kargs.seqlen_q = adjusted_seqstart_q_ptr[1] - adjusted_seqstart_q_ptr[0];
             // # of required blocks is different in each groups, terminate unnecessary blocks
             // earlier
             if(kargs.seqlen_q <= i_m0)
             {
                 return;
             }
         }
         else
         {
             batch_offset_o  = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_o;
             batch_offset_do = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_do;
             batch_offset_d  = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_d;
         }
  
         // for simplicity, batch stride we just modify the pointer
         const ODataType* o_ptr = reinterpret_cast<const ODataType*>(kargs.o_ptr) +
                                  static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead) * kargs.nhead_stride_o +
                                  batch_offset_o;
         const OGradDataType* do_ptr = reinterpret_cast<const OGradDataType*>(kargs.do_ptr) +
                                       static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead) * kargs.nhead_stride_do +
                                       batch_offset_do;
         DDataType* d_ptr = reinterpret_cast<DDataType*>(kargs.d_ptr) +
                            static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead) * kargs.nhead_stride_d +
                            batch_offset_d;
  
         // O/dO/D DRAM and DRAM window
         const auto o_dram = [&]() {
             auto o_dram_naive = make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global>(
                 o_ptr,
                 make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_q, kargs.hdim_v),
                 make_tuple(kargs.stride_o, 1),
                 number<FmhaBwdOGradDotO::kAlignmentO>{},
                 number<1>{});
             return pad_tensor_view(o_dram_naive,
                                    make_tuple(number<kM0>{}, number<kVHeaddim>{}),
                                    sequence<kPadSeqLenQ, kPadHeadDimV>{});
         }();
         const auto do_dram = [&]() {
             auto do_dram_naive = make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global>(
                 do_ptr,
                 make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_q, kargs.hdim_v),
                 make_tuple(kargs.stride_do, 1),
                 number<FmhaBwdOGradDotO::kAlignmentOGrad>{},
                 number<1>{});
             return pad_tensor_view(do_dram_naive,
                                    make_tuple(number<kM0>{}, number<kVHeaddim>{}),
                                    sequence<kPadSeqLenQ, kPadHeadDimV>{});
         }();
         auto d_dram = [&]() {
             const auto d_dram_naive = make_naive_tensor_view_packed<address_space_enum::global>(
                 d_ptr, make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_q), number<1>{});
             return pad_tensor_view(
                 d_dram_naive, make_tuple(number<kM0>{}), sequence<kPadSeqLenQ>{});
         }();
  
         auto o_dram_window =
             make_tile_window(o_dram, make_tuple(number<kM0>{}, number<kVHeaddim>{}), {i_m0, 0});
  
         auto do_dram_window =
             make_tile_window(do_dram, make_tuple(number<kM0>{}, number<kVHeaddim>{}), {i_m0, 0});
  
         auto d_dram_window = make_tile_window(d_dram, make_tuple(number<kM0>{}), {i_m0});
  
         FmhaBwdOGradDotO{}(o_dram_window, do_dram_window, d_dram_window, kargs.p_undrop);
     }
 };
  
 template <typename FmhaBwdConvertQGrad_>
 struct FmhaBwdConvertQGradKernel
 {
     using FmhaBwdConvertQGrad                     = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<FmhaBwdConvertQGrad_>;
     static constexpr ck_tile::index_t kBlockSize  = FmhaBwdConvertQGrad::kBlockSize;
     static constexpr ck_tile::index_t kBlockPerCu = FmhaBwdConvertQGrad::kBlockPerCu;
     static constexpr ck_tile::index_t kM0         = FmhaBwdConvertQGrad::kM0;
     static constexpr ck_tile::index_t kN0         = FmhaBwdConvertQGrad::kN0;
     static constexpr ck_tile::index_t kQKHeaddim  = FmhaBwdConvertQGrad::kQKHeaddim;
  
     using AccDataType   = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaBwdConvertQGrad::AccDataType>;
     using QGradDataType = ck_tile::remove_cvref_t<typename FmhaBwdConvertQGrad::QGradDataType>;
  
     static constexpr bool kIsGroupMode     = FmhaBwdConvertQGrad::kIsGroupMode;
     static constexpr bool kPadSeqLenQ      = FmhaBwdConvertQGrad::kPadSeqLenQ;
     static constexpr bool kPadHeadDimQ     = FmhaBwdConvertQGrad::kPadHeadDimQ;
     static constexpr bool kIsDeterministic = FmhaBwdConvertQGrad::kIsDeterministic;
  
     // clang-format off
     template <typename T> struct t2s;
     template <> struct t2s<float> { static constexpr const char * name = "fp32"; };
     template <> struct t2s<ck_tile::fp16_t> { static constexpr const char * name = "fp16"; };
     template <> struct t2s<ck_tile::bf16_t> { static constexpr const char * name = "bf16"; };
     // clang-format on
  
     CK_TILE_HOST static std::string GetName()
     {
         // sync with generate.py
         // clang-format off
         
         #define _SS_  std::string
         #define _TS_  std::to_string
         auto pn = [&] () {
             std::string n;
             if (kPadSeqLenQ) n += "s";
             if (kPadHeadDimQ) n += "d";
             return n.empty() ? n : std::string("p") + n; }();
         return
             _SS_("fmha_bwd_convert_dq_d") + _TS_(kQKHeaddim) + "_"
             + _SS_(t2s<QGradDataType>::name) + "_"
             + "b" + _TS_(kM0) + "x" + _TS_(kN0) + "_"
             + (kIsGroupMode ? "group" : "batch") + "_"
             + ("o" + _TS_(kBlockPerCu)) + (pn.empty() ? "_npad" : "_" + pn)
             + (kIsDeterministic ? "_deterministic" : "_ndeterministic") ;
         #undef _SS_
         #undef _TS_
         // clang-format on
     }
  
     // to avoid duplicated base class prblem, introduce an template arg
     template <ck_tile::index_t I>
     struct FmhaBwdConvertQGradEmptyKargs
     {
     };
  
     // kargs use aggregate initializer, so no constructor will provided
     // use inheritance to minimize karg size
     // user need to use MakeKargs() function to create kargs.
     struct FmhaBwdConvertQGradCommonKargs
     {
         const void* dq_acc_ptr;
         void* dq_ptr;
  
         ck_tile::index_t seqlen_q;
         ck_tile::index_t seqlen_k;
         ck_tile::index_t hdim_q;
  
         ck_tile::index_t stride_dq;
         ck_tile::index_t stride_dq_acc;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dq;
         ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dq_acc;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdConvertQGradDeterministicKargs
     {
         ck_tile::index_t split_stride_dq_acc = 0;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdConvertQGradBatchModeKargs
         : FmhaBwdConvertQGradCommonKargs,
           std::conditional_t<kIsDeterministic,
                              FmhaBwdConvertQGradDeterministicKargs,
                              FmhaBwdConvertQGradEmptyKargs<0>>
     {
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_dq;
         ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_dq_acc;
     };
  
     struct FmhaBwdConvertQGradGroupModeKargs
         : FmhaBwdConvertQGradCommonKargs,
           std::conditional_t<kIsDeterministic,
                              FmhaBwdConvertQGradDeterministicKargs,
                              FmhaBwdConvertQGradEmptyKargs<0>>
     {
         const int32_t* seqstart_q_ptr;
         const int32_t* seqstart_k_ptr;
     };
  
     using Kargs = std::conditional_t<kIsGroupMode,
                                      FmhaBwdConvertQGradGroupModeKargs,
                                      FmhaBwdConvertQGradBatchModeKargs>;
  
     template <bool Cond = !kIsGroupMode>
     CK_TILE_HOST static constexpr std::enable_if_t<Cond, Kargs>
     MakeKargs(const void* dq_acc_ptr,
               void* dq_ptr,
               ck_tile::index_t seqlen_q,
               ck_tile::index_t seqlen_k,
               ck_tile::index_t hdim_q,
               ck_tile::index_t stride_dq,
               ck_tile::index_t stride_dq_acc,
               ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dq,
               ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dq_acc,
               ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_dq,
               ck_tile::index_t batch_stride_dq_acc,
               ck_tile::index_t split_stride_dq_acc)
     {
         Kargs kargs{{dq_acc_ptr,
                      dq_ptr,
                      seqlen_q,
                      seqlen_k,
                      hdim_q,
                      stride_dq,
                      stride_dq_acc,
                      nhead_stride_dq,
                      nhead_stride_dq_acc},
                     {},
                     batch_stride_dq,
                     batch_stride_dq_acc};
  
         if constexpr(kIsDeterministic)
         {
             kargs.split_stride_dq_acc = split_stride_dq_acc;
         }
  
         return kargs;
     }
  
     template <bool Cond = kIsGroupMode>
     CK_TILE_HOST static constexpr std::enable_if_t<Cond, Kargs>
     MakeKargs(const void* dq_acc_ptr,
               void* dq_ptr,
               const void* seqstart_q_ptr,
               const void* seqstart_k_ptr,
               ck_tile::index_t hdim_q,
               ck_tile::index_t stride_dq,
               ck_tile::index_t stride_dq_acc,
               ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dq,
               ck_tile::index_t nhead_stride_dq_acc,
               ck_tile::index_t split_stride_dq_acc)
     {
         Kargs kargs{{dq_acc_ptr,
                      dq_ptr,
                      -1, // seqlen will be updated by another pointer
                      -1, //
                      hdim_q,
                      stride_dq,
                      stride_dq_acc,
                      nhead_stride_dq,
                      nhead_stride_dq_acc},
                     {},
                     reinterpret_cast<const int32_t*>(seqstart_q_ptr),
                     reinterpret_cast<const int32_t*>(seqstart_k_ptr)};
  
         if constexpr(kIsDeterministic)
         {
             kargs.split_stride_dq_acc = split_stride_dq_acc;
         }
  
         return kargs;
     }
  
     CK_TILE_HOST static constexpr auto
     GridSize(ck_tile::index_t batch_size_, ck_tile::index_t nhead_, ck_tile::index_t seqlen_q_)
     {
         return dim3(ck_tile::integer_divide_ceil(seqlen_q_, kM0), nhead_, batch_size_);
     }
  
     CK_TILE_DEVICE static constexpr auto GetTileIndex()
     {
         const index_t i_block = blockIdx.x;
         const index_t i_nhead = blockIdx.y;
         const index_t i_batch = blockIdx.z;
  
         return ck_tile::make_tuple(i_block, i_nhead, i_batch);
     }
  
     CK_TILE_HOST static constexpr auto BlockSize() { return dim3(kBlockSize); }
  
     CK_TILE_HOST_DEVICE static constexpr ck_tile::index_t GetSmemSize() { return 0; }
  
     CK_TILE_DEVICE void operator()(Kargs kargs) const
     {
         // divide problem
         const auto [i_tile_m, i_nhead, i_batch] = GetTileIndex();
  
         const index_t i_m0 = amd_wave_read_first_lane(i_tile_m * kM0);
  
         long_index_t batch_offset_dq     = 0;
         long_index_t batch_offset_dq_acc = 0;
         if constexpr(kIsGroupMode)
         {
             // get starting offset for each batch
             const long_index_t query_start = kargs.seqstart_q_ptr[i_batch];
             batch_offset_dq                = query_start * kargs.stride_dq;
             batch_offset_dq_acc            = query_start * kargs.stride_dq_acc;
  
             // get real # queries & # keys under group mode
             const auto adjusted_seqstart_q_ptr = kargs.seqstart_q_ptr + i_batch;
             kargs.seqlen_q = adjusted_seqstart_q_ptr[1] - adjusted_seqstart_q_ptr[0];
             if constexpr(kIsDeterministic)
             {
                 const auto adjusted_seqstart_k_ptr = kargs.seqstart_k_ptr + i_batch;
                 kargs.seqlen_k = adjusted_seqstart_k_ptr[1] - adjusted_seqstart_k_ptr[0];
             }
             // # of required blocks is different in each groups, terminate unnecessary blocks
             // earlier
             if(kargs.seqlen_q <= i_m0)
             {
                 return;
             }
         }
         else
         {
             batch_offset_dq     = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_dq;
             batch_offset_dq_acc = static_cast<long_index_t>(i_batch) * kargs.batch_stride_dq_acc;
         }
  
         // for simplicity, batch stride we just modify the pointer
         QGradDataType* dq_ptr = reinterpret_cast<QGradDataType*>(kargs.dq_ptr) +
                                 static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead) * kargs.nhead_stride_dq +
                                 batch_offset_dq;
  
         // dQAcc/dQ DRAM and DRAM window
         const auto dq_acc_dram = [&, i_nhead_ = i_nhead]() {
             if constexpr(kIsDeterministic)
             {
                 const AccDataType* dq_acc_ptr =
                     reinterpret_cast<const AccDataType*>(kargs.dq_acc_ptr) +
                     static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead_) * (kargs.nhead_stride_dq_acc) +
                     batch_offset_dq_acc;
  
                 const index_t nsplits = ck_tile::integer_divide_ceil(kargs.seqlen_k, kN0);
  
                 auto dq_acc_dram_naive = make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global>(
                     dq_acc_ptr,
                     make_tuple(nsplits, kargs.seqlen_q, kargs.hdim_q),
                     make_tuple(kargs.split_stride_dq_acc, kargs.stride_dq_acc, 1),
                     number<FmhaBwdConvertQGrad::kAlignmentQGradAcc>{},
                     number<1>{});
                 return pad_tensor_view(dq_acc_dram_naive,
                                        make_tuple(number<1>{}, number<kM0>{}, number<kQKHeaddim>{}),
                                        sequence<false, kPadSeqLenQ, kPadHeadDimQ>{});
             }
             else
             {
                 const AccDataType* dq_acc_ptr =
                     reinterpret_cast<const AccDataType*>(kargs.dq_acc_ptr) +
                     static_cast<long_index_t>(i_nhead_) * (kargs.nhead_stride_dq_acc) +
                     batch_offset_dq_acc;
  
                 auto dq_acc_dram_naive = make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global>(
                     dq_acc_ptr,
                     make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_q, kargs.hdim_q),
                     make_tuple(kargs.stride_dq_acc, 1),
                     number<FmhaBwdConvertQGrad::kAlignmentQGradAcc>{},
                     number<1>{});
                 return pad_tensor_view(dq_acc_dram_naive,
                                        make_tuple(number<kM0>{}, number<kQKHeaddim>{}),
                                        sequence<kPadSeqLenQ, kPadHeadDimQ>{});
             }
         }();
  
         auto dq_dram = [&]() {
             auto dq_dram_naive = make_naive_tensor_view<address_space_enum::global>(
                 dq_ptr,
                 make_tuple(kargs.seqlen_q, kargs.hdim_q),
                 make_tuple(kargs.stride_dq, 1),
                 number<FmhaBwdConvertQGrad::kAlignmentQGrad>{},
                 number<1>{});
             return pad_tensor_view(dq_dram_naive,
                                    make_tuple(number<kM0>{}, number<kQKHeaddim>{}),
                                    sequence<kPadSeqLenQ, kPadHeadDimQ>{});
         }();
  
         auto dq_acc_dram_window = [&]() {
             if constexpr(kIsDeterministic)
             {
                 return make_tile_window(
                     dq_acc_dram,
                     make_tuple(number<1>{}, number<kM0>{}, number<kQKHeaddim>{}),
                     {0, i_m0, 0});
             }
             else
             {
                 return make_tile_window(
                     dq_acc_dram, make_tuple(number<kM0>{}, number<kQKHeaddim>{}), {i_m0, 0});
             }
         }();
  
         auto dq_dram_window =
             make_tile_window(dq_dram, make_tuple(number<kM0>{}, number<kQKHeaddim>{}), {i_m0, 0});
  
         if constexpr(kIsDeterministic)
         {
             const index_t nsplits = ck_tile::integer_divide_ceil(kargs.seqlen_k, kN0);
             FmhaBwdConvertQGrad{}(dq_acc_dram_window, dq_dram_window, nsplits);
         }
         else
         {
             FmhaBwdConvertQGrad{}(dq_acc_dram_window, dq_dram_window);
         }
     }
 };
  
 } // namespace ck_tile